Which adaptation for a student could significantly impact the validity of an assessment measuring written expression?

Using a word processor for a student’s response can significantly improve the validity of an assessment measuring written expression for several reasons. First, it can facilitate better handwriting, especially for students who struggle with fine motor skills. Using a keyboard allows them to focus on the content and structure of their writing without being hindered by difficulties in penmanship.

Additionally, word processors often include features such as spell check and grammar suggestions, which can help students express their ideas more clearly and accurately. This means that their performance will more closely reflect their understanding and ability to convey thoughts rather than the limitations of their handwriting skills. As a result, the assessment can more accurately measure the student’s writing abilities and understanding of the material, enhancing the overall validity of the results.

The other adaptations, while beneficial in their own contexts, might not impact the validity of written expression assessments to the same extent. For example, working at a standing desk may provide comfort and improved focus but does not directly relate to the student's writing abilities. Having directions read aloud can aid comprehension, and completing the assessment over multiple days may help with fatigue, but neither specifically addresses the challenges related to the mechanics of writing itself.