What type of assessment is individualized and process-based?

The correct answer is B, as informal assessments are typically individualized and process-based. Informal assessments are designed to gather information about a student's learning and development in a flexible and tailored manner. They focus on the unique needs, skills, and progress of each individual student rather than applying a one-size-fits-all approach. Moreover, informal assessments often occur in naturalistic settings and can include observations, interviews, and performance-based tasks, which allow educators to closely examine the learning processes and strategies that students utilize. This individualized approach helps in creating instructional plans that meet the specific needs of each student, providing a more accurate depiction of their abilities and challenges over time.

In contrast, achievement assessments are generally standardized measures aimed at evaluating a student's knowledge or skills relative to a set curriculum, while formal assessments follow structured procedures to obtain reliable and quantifiable data. Standardized assessments, specifically, are designed for uniform administration and scoring across all test-takers and often do not focus on the individual student's process of learning.