How do norm-referenced assessments differ from criterion-referenced assessments?

Norm-referenced assessments are designed to compare an individual student's performance to that of a defined group, typically a representative sample of students who have previously taken the same assessment. This approach allows educators and evaluators to determine how a student performs relative to their peers, which can help identify strengths, weaknesses, and overall academic standing in a broader context.

In contrast, criterion-referenced assessments evaluate a student's performance against a specific set of predetermined standards or learning objectives, rather than comparing it to the performance of others. This means that the focus is on whether the student has achieved mastery of particular skills or knowledge, independent of how other students perform.

The notion that norm-referenced assessments do not compare individual performance is incorrect, as their primary function is indeed to make those comparisons. They also are not limited to testing basic skills; they can assess a wide range of competencies and subjects, making them versatile tools in educational assessments.